oke Exposure

ownloade kground: The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and uction product in the body, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), are potent pulmoarcinogens. We have measured total NNAL in the U.S. population of tobacco users and nonsmokers d to secondhand smoke. thods: We measured total urinary NNAL (free NNAL plus its glucuronides following hydrolysis) by a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. lculated the percentage above the limit of detection, the 50th through 95th percentiles, and in some geometric means for groups classified by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. ults: Total urinary NNAL was measureable at or above its limit of detection (0.6 pg/mL) in 55% of the participants, including 41% of nonsmokers. The population distribution of urinary NNAL included r and nonsmoker regions similar to the bimodal distribution of serum cotinine, and serum cotinine tal urinary NNAL were strongly correlated (r = 0.92; P < 0.001). Among nonsmokers, children had cantly higher concentrations of NNAL than did adults with the age of ≥20 years (P < 0.001). clusions: Among National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants, total NNAL was at measurable levels in the urine of 41% of nonsmokers and in 87.5% of those with substantial hand-smoke exposure (with serum cotinine concentrations of 0.1-10 ng/mL). Children with the 6 to 11 years had the highest NNAL concentrations among all nonsmokers. act: We describe for the first time the distribution of total urinary NNAL in the entire U.S. population, Imp including smokers and nonsmokers. NNAL was detected in 41% of all nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2969–77. ©2010 AACR.